Explain What Is Radiative Forcing Environmental Sciences Essay

The green house outcome happens when unequivocal gases-perceived as green house gases-assemble in Earth condition. These gases comprise of C dioxide, azotic oxide ( N2O ) , methane, fluorinated depletes, and ozone. Nursery exhaust permit the Sun ‘s gentle newness onto the Planet ‘s surface, however they catch the warmed that shows back again up into the conditions. As such, they act like the cup surfaces of a green house. This green house sway keeps the World warmed bounty to keep way of life. Exploration laborers state that without the green house sway, the states of the World would tumble from 14EsC ( 57EsF ) to each piece low as - 18EsC ( - 0.4EsF ) .List the boss GHGs. Gracefully the names and the compound expression?Carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) , Methane ( CH4 ) , Azotic oxide ( N2O ) , CFC-12 ( CCI2F2 ) , HCFC-22 ( CHCIF2 ) , Perfluoromethane ( CF4 ) and Sulfur hexa-fluoride ( SF6 ) .Explain what is Radiative Coercing?When individuals examine climatic modification or the green house outcome, the boss existent logical idea that clarifies the strategy is radiative forcing. In a word, radiative constraining is a moment venture of the measure that the Earth ‘s power money related worth extension is out of stableness.What is the current convergence of CO2 and what was it 1000 mature ages ago?Any issue applicable to the continuous improvement of the air ‘s CO2 point of convergence is the trepidation that it might do to dark climatic alter. There is little reason to accept that such will ever go on, by and by, for a few discoveries of customary changes in ecological CO2 point of convergence and air heat scope suggest that it is planetary warming that pushes modifications noticeable all around ‘s CO2 stuff and non fragility versa. In an examination of the worldwide warming ‘s that flagged the perish of the last three ice age gatherings, for outline, Atomic et Al. ( 1999 ) found that air heat scope at any point expanded chief, trailed by an ascent in natural CO2 about 400 to 1000 decennaries later. Barometrical CO2A stages have proceeded with raised than 350 ppm ever since at an opportune time 1988.List and explain what kind of data is utilized to check past convergence of CO2?Another less immediate strategy is to break down the advancement circles of trees. Trees grow all the more quickly when the clime is warm and wet, yet they other than grow all the more quickly when CO2 stages are higher. It is conceivable to do decisions of CO2 stages in the past by examining the improvement circles of trees, either as workss or each piece found in wood of old developments or delivers thus on.Define Carbon pes print?The proportion of green house debilitates created to straight lastly bolster human exercises, regularly demonstrated in commensurate plentifulness of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) . As it were: When you create an auto, the motor Burnss petroleum which makes a specific proportion of CO2, in light of its fuel utilizatio n and the drive scope. ( CO2 is the substance symbol for each piece great as dioxide ) . At the point when you warm your place with oil, gas or dodo fuel, so you other than produce CO2. Regardless of whether you warm your place with power, the inventive action of the electric vitality may other than hold created a specific proportion of CO2. At the point when you purchase repasts and stocks, the improvement of the repasts and stocks other than delivered a few entireties of CO2. The C footmark is an exceptionally compelling utensil to perceive the contact of individual exercises on planetary heating.List Currently from which human exercises do Most of Green House Gases Come From?Technically any human activity causes the advancement of CO2. At the point when you take in inhale you create this gas. The MAJOR creators of green house gas ( of which grown-up male ‘s whole advancement is little ) comprise of the cooling of houses and developments halfway through the imaginative movem ent of intensity ( around 50 % of our creation ) , so Transport ( roughly 30 % ) . The staying 20 % is engendering about sensibly wide furthermore from the improvement of supplement and medication to using the cyberspace.Which action does Most of Green House Gases Come From in the common C rhythm?Co2 ( CO2 ) is the essential green house gas created through single activities. In 2010, CO2 included roughly 84 % of all U.S. green house gas toxins from single activities. Co2 is obviously present in the conditions as part of the Global each piece great as structure ( the natural movement of each piece great as among the conditions, ocean, land, workss, and vitalize creatures ) . Human activities are adjusting the each piece great as musicality †both by adding more CO2 to the conditions and by affecting the capacity of natural bowls, similar to wildernesses, to take CO2 from the conditions. While CO2 contaminations originate from a collection of natural beginnings, human-related toxi ns are answerable for the expansion that has occurred in the conditions since the business tendency.In your supposition, list and explain what the central C sinks are?Demonstrates the yearly action of 100s of unmeasurable carbon dioxide between the conditions, H2O, and land which are the major heavily clad battle vehicles, or â€Å" sinks † of CO2 †and under different fortunes, a â€Å" starting † for carbon dioxide. In add-on to the mood, the ocean goes about as a significant channel for carbon dioxide with cold H2O taking in more CO2 than H2O. Similarly as a warming bubbly assimilate green goodss pockets of CO2, so will warming ocean temperatures. Ingested CO2 expelled from the ocean ( and different Waterss ) by the photosynthesis of tiny fish and other Marine workss, thus came back to the framework as the workss are devoured by quicken creatures. Destroyed carbon dioxide other than concoction reacts with H2O to arrange carbonaceous corrosive ( CO2 + H20 = H2CO3 ) which ferments the earth, and is believed to be answerable for obstruction reefs dying ; and, presents a significant peril to other marine life.What are Primary effects on Carbon emanations?Meaning of measurement limits: Pollutants can be connected geologically, to the nation where they were made ( the nation rule ) or by the activity develop to the nation made the radiations. These two builds bring about various some while figuring, for delineation, power bringing in starting with one state then onto the next, or radiations at an end. Time horizon of various GHGs: Engagement of a given GHG is uncovered as a CO2 relative. The figuring to compute out this thinks about to what extent that gas keeps on being in the conditions. This is non ever known totally and estimations must be deliberately altered to bespeak new data. What nations are associated with the estimation ( for example , vitality nations, business processs, cultivating and so on ) : There is every now and again an issu e among perceivability and handiness to informations. The measurement strategy itself: This might be by means of quick measurement or rating. The four boss procedures are the fumes factor-based method, mass equalization strategy, prognostic spreads following framework, and rehashing transmissions following frameworks. These strategies change in exactness, cost, and functionality.What are auxiliary effects on Carbon emanations?They are determined in C dioxide practically identical, by organizations of all nursery gases being fitted after to a rubric which utilizes C dioxide as a help. A few impacts show up at essential and auxiliary balance ‘s, unwinding the two. For example, when individual takes an auto, this delivers an essential establishment of C dioxide. While individual tastes packaged H2O, this creates an optional balance ; so the radiations are non in the jug itself, by the by in the created and travel of the container.Explain what is polar dipole?A polar particle is a n atom where there is some partition of charge in the synthetic bonds, with the goal that one bit of the atom has a little positive charge and the other a little negative charge. Water is a notable delineation of a polar particle. Dipole particles are made when regular electronic support at covalent bond is uneven. In the event that various molecules are fortified by a covalent bond, which can hold distinctive negatron fondness, so the particle with more noteworthy negatron proclivity will pull the negatron combines all the more emphatically. As such an uneven conveyance of negative charge shows up in an atom, so one part of the particle turns out to be relatively adversely ( the one closer to the electron support ) and the different turns out to be similarly emphatically charged.Why is Methane more impressive than Carbon dioxide as a GHG?The climatic alter forthcoming or GWP, is a straightforward estimating oftentimes used to quantify the amount all the more very adequate a given g reen house gas is in contrasting with co2. In 1996, the Intergovernmental Board on Environment Change approximated the GWP for methane as 21, respected over a 100-year cut structure following exhaust. Starting at 2007, the IPCC gave climatic alter potential outcomes ( GWP ) for methane of 25 for a 100-year coordinated time period and 72 for a 20-year incorporated clasp stretch after exhaust. Utilizing an increasingly most recent plan to all the more likely catch how methane speaks with other radiatively viable fixings, Shindell et Al. in a 2009 papers in Technology altered these features to 33 and 105 severally. These more prominent standards show the best, most present logical order. The GWP for methane is less at the drawn-out span scope simply on the grounds that methane does non remain in the conditions for each piece long as carbon dioxide.Describe what are CAP and Trade?A top and exchange order is a technique for overseeing spoil, with the terminal point of reducing the genera l pollute in a state, nation, or market. Numerous heroes of corrupt control help the idea of such frameworks, contrasting that they are viable, and that they seem sensible monetarily every piece great. It is just one choice among numerous for reducing the exhaust of defilements, for example, carbon dioxide, a green house gas that

buy custom Business Laws essay

purchase custom Business Laws exposition An agreement is a legitimate understanding gone into by two gatherings, and is enforceable by law. Such an understanding is made when one gathering shows the ability to take part in or halt from taking part in any action with a perspective on getting the endorsement of the other party (Koffman Macdonald, 2007).The gathering making the offer is known as the promisor, while the gathering tolerating the offer the promisee. For this situation, all the guarantees framing the thought for the two gatherings turns into the understanding. Any understanding that isn't enforceable by law is known as void understanding (Koffman Macdonald, 2007). Agreement Law in Malaysia is represented by the Contracts Act 1950 and for a consent to meet all requirements to be an agreement, there must be (1) an understanding between the gatherings in question, (2) made obligations between the gatherings, and (3) it must be lawfully enforceable. There are three classes of agreement as indicated by Malaysian Contra cts Act 1950 (Contracts Act 1950). These are; composed agreements that require composed proof, oral and basic agreements. Components of a Contract For any consent to be viewed as a legitimate agreement, the accompanying components should be considered by the two gatherings included: 1. There must be an Offer A contact can possibly exist when a particular offer has been unequivocally proposed and acknowledged. The offer can be given recorded as a hard copy, orally, or impliedly through activities as long as the method of offer or acknowledgment is in accordance with the legal prerequisites (Sinnadurai, 2003). For instance, contract including offer of land should be composed to have title deed. The correspondence of the offer, acknowledgment, or denial ought to be made known to the gathering to whom it is made for it to be finished. A proposal as per the Contract Act 1950 is a declaration of readiness by the promisor to contract on a specific arrangement of terms with legitimate aim that whenever acknowledged, will bound. It must include the promisor and the promisee and be lawfully enforceable (Dass, 2005). Offers can be one-sided where just one gathering makes the proposition and the other party isn't committed to make a proposition. It can likewise be respective where the two gatherings makes a guarantee, for example, for a situation of offer of a house where one offers a house and the other party guarantees some measure of cash. 2. Acknowledgment For an agreement to be substantial there must be a declaration of unequivocal and unqualified understanding by the two gatherings to all the terms contained in the offer (Sinnadurai, 2003). Acknowledgment should be possible orally or recorded as a hard copy and is lawfully official whenever done by the gathering to whom the offer is made, if express by word verbally expressed or composed, or whenever suggested by activities indicating consistence. Acknowledgment should likewise be outright, utilizing the endorsed mode, for example, by fax, for the offer imparted just, done inside the given time allotment before the offer time frame slips by and finished with an aim to satisfy the agreement. Agreement Act 1950 likewise gives that a repudiation of acknowledgment done whenever before the correspondence of endorsement is finished (Law of Contract in Malaysia, 2009). 3. Expectation to Create a Legal Relationship There must be an expectation between the two gatherings to make lawful relations for the consent to be an agreement; in any case, the game plan is viewed as a casual social understanding (Dass, 2005). For instance, on the off chance that understudy An offers understudy B lift to Kuala Lumpur city, at that point B considers responding the expense of fuel yet fizzles, there is no mandatory agreement under which A can B, since the proposal to fuel the vehicle was not made with the goal of being legitimately authoritative. Notwithstanding, business courses of action are typically seen to be proposed to be restricting agreements (Arjunan, K. (2008). 4. Legal Consideration Thought indicates something of significant worth that gatherings consent to trade when marking an agreement and must not be an unmistakable or money related thing, however can incorporate stopping making a move that a gathering has the lawful option to do. The nearness o a thought in the endeavor demonstrates the responsibility of gatherings to make a legitimate relationship (Dass, 2005: Richards, 2006). This is on the grounds that the law doesn't perceive understandings without something consequently. 5. Ability to Contract Ability to contract alludes to a partys capacity to go into an agreement. Powerlessness to agreement might be because of the people absence of power to contract, mental ineptitude, and the gathering being a newborn child. An agreement isn't official if an intellectually disabled gathering goes into an understanding without understanding the nature and results of the exchange (Arjunan, 2008: Richards, 2006). Mental inadequacy might be a direct result of formative handicap, craziness, feebleness, and medication or liquor inebriation. In the event that one is following up for the benefit of another gathering, the individual must be completely approved to agree and sign the agreements; in any case, the agreement will be invalid. 6. Legitimate reason The reason for the agreement must be in itself lawful, not clashing with the open approach for it to be authoritative. This implies an agreement that commits a gathering to take part in a criminal behavior or has illicit target isn't official to either party (Arjunan, 2008). For instance, an agreement that requires involved with harm the property of another individual is illicit and criminal and can't be authorized. Three Factors in Section 14 and Effects of each Contract As indicated by Contract Act 1955 segment 14, assent on a specific issue is viewed as free when not accomplished by intimidation, misrepresentation, undue impact, mix-up, or extortion. There ought to be no power or compulsion to make the agreement. The three elements to be talked about for this situation are compulsion and pressure, utilization of undue impact and distortion (Sinnadurai Koh, 1979). 1. Compulsion and Duress Pressure is the impulse of a gathering to go into an agreement through taking steps to submit or submitting any demonstration disallowed by the Penal Code. This terrorizing may incorporate ill-conceived keeping or taking steps to confine the individual or property to make the gathering to go into an understanding. Uncovering an individual under pressure through either physical control or mental torment and dangers is a piece of coercive lead to actuate the casualty gathering to acknowledge the offer. There ought to likewise be opportunity in contract detailing, which involve positive starting that includes freedom of either gatherings to settle on own decisions, opportunity to decide conceivable trade, bartering terms, and to enter an agreement on shared endorsement. It likewise includes opportunity from administrative limitations or interruption while participating in these understandings and opportunity of a gathering survey the capacity of the legislature to actualize the understa ndings. A case of in which people are compelled to enter contracts is the product understandings where the client isn't offered space to arrange the terms when introducing the product in their PCs. Inability to recognize (click wrap) essentially implies no establishment (Rafiei1 Manap, 2011) Impacts of Coercion and Duress The impacts of utilizing compulsion and pressure to go into an agreement is that the law doesn't perceive such agreements, since the casualty has been reluctantly constrained by the more grounded gathering to go into the agreement (Cheong, 2010). The forcing party will undoubtedly lose the assumed advantages of the agreement. Without the free assent by either party, the agreement is viewed as void or voidable. Be that as it may, the constrained, compelled, or constrained gathering needs to look for legitimate help dependent on the conditions under which the assent was improperly gotten. The help is conceded by court grounds that it was under coercion, undue impact, or was unconscionable. Segment 14 of Malaysian Contract Act 1950, states that an agreement is voidable whenever gone into through intimidation. Assent is assumed not to have been given within the sight of pressure, undue impact, misrepresentation, or misreppresentation. 2. Undue Influence An agreement is viewed as a result of undue impact in a situation where one of the gatherings holds predominant situation over the other party, and uses that capacity to increase partial advantage over the other (Cheong, 2010). An individual is viewed as in a situation to rule the other if holding apparent authority financially, genuinely, and socially over the other, or when there is a current trustee connection between the two gatherings. For this situation, the amazing party utilizes the favorable position to impact the other into an agreement. Undue impact likewise happens when agreement is marked with an individual whose psychological limit is debilitated briefly or forever, either by age, ailment, or by mental or substantial trouble (Cheong, 2010).The impact of such agreements is that they are viewed as void. Similarly, if a gathering in a prevailing position goes into an agreement with another as a result of the impact and the exchange seems one-sided and unconscionable, the expense of deciding if undue impact occurred will be upon the predominant party. 3. Distortion Agreement can likewise be distorted when there is a constructive declaration into the agreement in a manner not expected or contained by the data from the individual creation it. It likewise happens when there is accidental penetrate of obligation, which gives an undue favorable position to the gathering submitting it, or any individual asserting under him by beguiling another to his bias, or to the partiality of a gathering guaranteeing under him. Distortion likewise happens when a gathering honestly commits an error on a thing that is the focal point of the understanding. Such agreements are announced voidable if the deception let to the assent of the gathering (Cheong, 2010). Suggestion for correction of Malaysian law Agreements Act 1950 of Malaysia sadly has no arrangement for the online condition. As of now, progressively online activity has flourished everywhere throughout the existence where numerous individuals transa

Decision fatigue

Decision fatigue Last Saturday night, I was in my kitchen, looking down at two Pyrex containers on my counter. On the left was slow-cooked chicken thighs; on the right was grilled chicken tenderloins. My goal was to decide which I would have for dinner. I looked to the left, and the right, and back again, unable to pick, unable to think about picking,  for about ten minutes, before my phone rang and jerked me out of my stupor. A friend was in the area and asked if I wanted to get dinner. Rejoicing that once again capitalism would treat the symptoms without curing the underlying disease, I said that why yes, that would be great. So my friend asked the natural followup question about where or what I would like to eat, brightly rattling off several local options. I paused for a beat, then a few more. Uhh A solid minute of silence, broken only by more interjections of my own indeterminacy, passed by before my friend tentatively asked hey are you okay? Thats when I knew that decision fatigue had set in early this year. Decision fatigue  is a term from the behavioral psychology literature. It refers to the observed phenomenon that making decisions depletes your ability to make future decisions, either as well or, as in my case last Saturday night, at all.   It is not something I had ever experienced before I began my career as an admissions officer, but Ive come to recognize it as something of an occupational hazard, like being bleary-eyed, or having a crick in your neck01 Ive been seeing the same massage therapist for five years. Its gotten to the point where she can tell when, and how long, Ive been in committee by feeling which muscles are tight, and how tight they are. I am not making this up. from looking at an  external monitor  all day. I begin each reading season knowing that, from the moment I begin reading applications or serving in committee, my ability to make lots of decisions quickly and well is going to decrease. Theres no way to prevent it, only ways to manage it better. Its hard to manage decision fatigue for a few reasons. The first, and most obvious, is that its our  job  to make lots of decisions quickly and well; it is our job, in other words, to become cognitively exhausted, in the way that when I was a landscaper in high school it was my job to become physically exhausted. There are things we can do to mitigate cognitive exhaustion: Ive blogged before about how I structure my reading  into a block schedule, with intense periods of focused reading broken up by intervals of noncognitive activities like cooking, cleaning, or exercising, and we take mandatory breaks during committee, buy low-glycemic index snacks to avoid spikes and crashes, and try to structure our non-admissions related work (like redesigning a website, for example) outside of reading season to reserve our cognitive capacity for what really matters. But at a certain point, its our job to make decisions, and thus to become fatigued by them, and we cant avoid it entirely. The second is that decision fatigue doesnt observe work/life boundaries: making decisions at work reduces your ability to make them at home,02 In fact, if these conditions persist, they can be profound and life-altering: in 2013, emScience/em published an a href=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/341/6149/976article/a that found the extra marginal decisions that came with being poor, like needing to bargain-shop for commodities, cumulatively exhausted cognitive capacities, and disabled good judgment, equivalent to about a full night’s sleep, or 13 IQ points. and vice versa.  Most admissions officers dread reading season weight gain, which comes not so much from being more sedentary but from decreasing ability to observe a healthy diet and say no to a bag of chips (or four). Meanwhile, life decisions feed back into work: a friend of mine has been sick, and Ive been helping make a lot of medical decisions, and Im sure thats reduced my capacity to make as many admissions decisions at the same time. This is one reason why I food prep and wear the same rotation of flannels and sweaters this time of year: to routinize my life as much as possible, a longstanding practice helpfully validated in an  interview by President Obama, someone who had many more important decisions to make than me: “You’ll see I wear only gray or blue suits,” he said. “I’m trying to pare down decisions. I don’t want to make decisions about what I’m eating or wearing. Because I have too many other decisions to make.” He mentioned research that shows the simple act of making decisions degrades one’s ability to make further decisions. It’s why shopping is so exhausting. “You need to focus your decision-making energy. You need to routinize yourself. You can’t be going through the day distracted by trivia.” A third reason its hard to manage decision fatigue is because its initially hard to detect, because, in a corollary of the Dunning-Kruger effect, the same forces that exhaust your cognitive functions also exhaust the  metacognitive  functions that allow you to assess how exhausted you are. I knew that I was cognitively fatigued, but I didnt realize the degree until that conversation on Saturday night. In my post on MIT and/as Marathon, I wrote: When I was a grad student, I didn’t make time for sleep or exercise, or to eat right, and my brain suffered for it, because Descartes was wrong about dualism, and we must take care of our whole selves for any part of ourselves to improve. It is possible to overtrain your brain as much as you can overtrain your body. I’ve done both. Sometimes, knowing your limits is the only way you can expand them, like gently stretching a tight muscle rather than quickly snapping it. The thing is, its usually easier to tell when your body is injured or exhausted, because it  hurts  and it cant do things it usually can. When I went to the gym this morning and couldnt finish my warmups because I was so physically tired from the last week, that was a sign that I shouldnt do any more deadlifts, because my body was too tired to do them safely or well. After some difficulty with overtraining, Ive learned to become better at listening to my body; Im trying to become better about listening to my brain when it, too, hurts or cant do things it usually can. Normally, I try to reset on Sundays. My grandfather, an evangelical minister, likes to quote an old Baptist book of wisdom that the best rest is not idleness as such but rather a change of activity. Indeed, the book of Exodus prescribes crop rotations to reset the health of the land; the book of Leviticus prescribes debt jubilees to reset the health of a nations finances. For me, a reset usual means yoga, food prep, laundry, ironing, and maybe some reading or a video game.03 I used to watch football, but theres a bunch of reasons I try to avoid it now, so instead I have been on a big emGod of War/em kick. But then negotiating all the runic puzzles required too much choice, so I set it aside until I could get to a point of mindlessly murdering ogres again. But because of all this other stuff, Ive been unable to observe my own change of activity, and I can feel that cognitive debt accumulating. My hope is that a few days at home for the holidays will pay down the interest and float me through EA Decisions Day in mid-December. Id originally intended to catch up on a backlog of work over the next few days, but I dont think thatd be listening to my brain like Im trying to do, or doing whats best for me (and our applicants) moving forward. This time of year, I need to be careful where I spend my spoons. The backlog can wait. Thats why its a backlog. Ill try to eat a lot of turkey, read some  Earthsea, and make as few decisions as possible until Monday morning. I realize, belatedly,04 Perhaps because Im cognitively fatigued as I write this? ?_(?)_/? that one unintended effect of this post might make applicants concerned about decision fatigue with respect to their own individual application05 Now, one piece of practical advice I can give you with all of this context: this is why you shouldnt make your applications any harder to read, interpret, or evaluate than absolutely necessary. Everything in your file, from the way you use line breaks in essays to the fonts on supplemental materials, is going to make your application more or less marginally exhausting to read. One pragmatic reason why your college application is (probably) not the place to get too experimental, or to be internally inconsistent or erratic, at least for highly selective schools, is that each marginal interpretation adds to the cognitive load of understanding and evaluating a case, which in term makes it more likely that some aspect of your application will be misunderstood. I have known amazing students who were emterrible /emat filling out their applications (emlooks meaningfully at Nisha/em) because it was so erratic and chaotic it took extra effort to understand how awesome they actually were. Part of being your own best self-advocate is making your application emreadable/em above all else. to MIT. But I dont think you should be alarmed for a couple of reasons. First: some version of this is going to be true for basically  any  college you apply to, or frankly any sufficiently any competitive selection process at any point in your life. This is something I have learned to accept in my own life of applying for grad school and jobs, and it has liberated me from the debilitating perfectionism and anxiety often associated with applying to things.  Judge Hercules is a fiction; admissions realism is descriptively correct. Humans, with all of their strengths and weaknesses, are reading and interpreting your applications. If that is surprising to youthen I guess the blogs have failed you. Second:  any good institution solves for inevitable individual shortcomings with better process. I described above some of the ways that we take care of ourselves during this time of year, but we also have processes to try to correct for ambiguities and inconsistencies, e.g.  by having lots of  rounds  of reading and committee, with lots of different eyes looking at them at different times, and lots of different methods of framing applications that are deployed at different stages, so that the  cumulative  cognition allocated to each application is sufficient to give us confidence in our assessments. This process is  itself  exhausting, but its exhausting in a way that gets us over the finish line. Its also why, when people ask me to describe our process, I often do so as incredibly inefficient in a way that reliably produces good decisions. Not  despite,  but  because of. This is also a request, I guess, to please be kind to the admissions officers in your life this time of year. If we arent responding to your emails as quickly as you might hope, or if were in a daze at Thanksgiving dinner and cant figure out which sides to put where, just know its probably because we are reserving our cognitive capacity for where it counts most: making good decisions on your applications, as best as we can, until theyre all made. I dont have a good way to end this post, so here is a picture of me spinning something thats extremely on fire;06 Now that I think of it, spinning things that are on fire and trying to keep in them moving in the right direction while not being burned isnt a bad visual metaphor for my subjective experience of reading season. Ill leave it up to decide if this is a good or bad decision so I dont have to. pc Nastia at EC Day I've been seeing the same massage therapist for five years. It's gotten to the point where she can tell when, and how long, I've been in committee by feeling which muscles are tight, and how tight they are. I am not making this up. back to text ? In fact, if these conditions persist, they can be profound and life-altering: in 2013, Science published an article  that found the extra marginal decisions that came with being poor, like needing to bargain-shop for commodities, cumulatively exhausted cognitive capacities, and disabled good judgment, equivalent to about a full night’s sleep, or 13 IQ points. back to text ? I used to watch football, but there's a bunch of reasons I try to avoid it now, so instead I have been on a big God of War kick. But then negotiating all the runic puzzles required too much choice, so I set it aside until I could get to a point of mindlessly murdering ogres again. back to text ? Perhaps because I'm cognitively fatigued as I write this? ?\_(?)_/? back to text ? Now, one piece of practical advice I can give you with all of this context: this is why you shouldn't make your applications any harder to read, interpret, or evaluate than absolutely necessary. Everything in your file, from the way you use line breaks in essays to the fonts on supplemental materials, is going to make your application more or less marginally exhausting to read. One pragmatic reason why your college application is (probably) not the place to get too experimental, or to be internally inconsistent or erratic, at least for highly selective schools, is that each marginal interpretation adds to the cognitive load of understanding and evaluating a case, which in term makes it more likely that some aspect of your application will be misunderstood. I have known amazing students who were terrible  at filling out their applications (looks meaningfully at Nisha) because it was so erratic and chaotic it took extra effort to understand how awesome they actually were. Part of being your own best self-advocate is making your application  readable above all else. back to text ? Now that I think of it, spinning things that are on fire and trying to keep in them moving in the right direction while not being burned isn't a bad visual metaphor for my subjective experience of reading season. back to text ?

Women Of The Middle Eastern Countries - 2043 Words

There are so many problems in the world that many people can’t seem to agree or disagree on. Some of these issues are based on some of the simplest things such as ethnic background, who you are married too, how you live your life and the decisions some countries make that affect a whole people. Some of these issues can and have moved into a nationwide or worldwide struggle to change the issues at hand. Women have rights in countries such as the United States, Great Britain, Canada, Germany, parts of Egypt, and a few other European countries. But a lot of the Middle Eastern countries don’t really respect their women as such. Men are looked at as superior to the women, for example, in the United States a woman can get the same job or better as those jobs for men. But in countries such as Iraq and Afghanistan, women aren’t even allowed to leave their homes without permission from the men of the house let alone get a job. A lot of times, even women who are raped are killed for defiling the family’s honour. A 16 year old Jordanian girl had her throat slit by her brother after having been raped by one of her other brothers. A 12 year old Jordanian girl returned home one evening from a walk with her friends and was confronted by her raging father who was yelling that she had dishonored the entire family. He proceeded to beat her with sticks and iron chains until she died. Everyone raise your hand if you have a sister. (RAISE HAND) Lets keep in mind that we all know people likeShow MoreRelatedWomen in the Middle East During the Late 19th and Early 20th Century905 Words   |  4 PagesWomen in the Middle East During the Late 19th and Early 20th Century As a result of Western imperialism circa 1900, throughout the Middle East things began to change. European writers and tourists flooded into Middle Eastern countries and developed a very exoticized view of the men and particularly women who lived there. Ultimately the general consensus was that Middle Eastern women were oppressed by Middle Eastern men. Through the Western lens this perceived oppression was indicative of the â€Å"uncivilized†Read MoreCcot823 Words   |  4 Pagesthe 1800’s to present day, the Middle East has undergone many changes and continuities causing formation of their national identity, main factors that contributed were social aspects on society, government structure, and the strong religious roots they possess. The majority of changes occurred through the society aspects with the treatment of women and the discovery of oil. In Middle Eastern history women have had limited rights and have always been unequal to men. Women have always remained v ery conservative;Read MoreWomen And The Middle East Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesWomen, or the female human being as defined in the dictionary, have been the discussion for so many ages. They have defended their sexuality, rights and had to fight for their equality with men. In the public view, we see that the image of women in the west differ from the east or that is what have been known for years. The image of women in the west is outgoing, free, and equal to men. While in the east, women as published in media, news, etc is dying of poverty, sexual violence, and being overpoweredRead MoreAnalysis A Look behind the Veil1476 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis Project of â€Å"A Look Behind the Veil† Thesis statement: Middle-Eastern and North African clothing culture is distinguished from other cultures by the veil, a clothing that provokes many reactions from authors and debates between the Western and Eastern people. Subject: The main topic of this text is the veil in North African and Middle-Eastern regions. Western people and Middle-Eastern people do not share the same opinion about its use, while the occidental region considers it as a simpleRead MoreThe Importance Of Cross Cultural Differences Play1123 Words   |  5 Pagesextroversion, of women during three separate stages as well as determine if the results were affected by sociocultural family of origin and education level (Weisenberg et al., 1989). The researchers attempted to measure pain rating during the following stages of childbirth: (1) after the complete dilation of the cervix; (2) when the mother was instructed to push; (3) right after the child had left the mother (Weisenberg et al., 1989). Numerical data was obtained from each of the women at the start ofRead MoreWomens Pain Perception in Childbirth738 Words   |  3 Pageseighty-three women and examined the effects of cultural and educational influences on the pain in childbirth. The eighty-three women are divided into Middle-Eastern women and Western women. The women ranged in ages from nineteen to thirty-eight. There were thirty people from the Western group and that consisted of women whose mothers were born in Europe, the US or another English speaking country. There were fifty-three women from the Middle Eastern Group and that consisted of women whose mothersRead MoreMiddle East Women1551 Words   |  7 PagesJay Sammelmann Dr. Holzhauer UI350-01 4/24/13 Women of the Middle East The women of the Middle East are very interesting to look in to. They are not just another person or treated by the same standards like they are treated here in the United States. There is a lot of controversy and fighting for women’s rights throughout the Middle East. They have an extreme lack of power there and they are fighting to change that. It is not right that women are such inferior people over there because theyRead MoreThe Gender Roles1630 Words   |  7 PagesIn every religion, culture and country there are many different roles for each gender. From the day we are born, we are led and pushed towards what the normal female or male does on a daily life. Gender roles have always existed even before history was written. The roles in gender is always going to shift whether the female has more power than the male. Though in many ancient societies men have been more dominant then the female. Gender roles are not defined, but are impressed upon us by family,Read MoreAnaly sis Of Ayaan Hirsi Ali Speaks Of Honor Killings And Forced Marriages1519 Words   |  7 Pagesmarriages in Middle Eastern society in the The AHA Foundation 2nd Annual Conference. She begins with describing her personal situation when she was younger; her arranged marriage to a relative and then her escape to the Netherlands at the age of twenty-two in an effort to avoid this marriage where she was met with an entirely different culture where the pressure of the honor of the family was not forced upon females by both female and male parties within the family. She noted how Dutch women wore whatRead MoreMiddle Eastern Women Rights in Islamic Society1419 Words   |  6 PagesWomen Rights of the Middle East â€Å"Life is full of unhappiness and most of it caused by women (Harik and Marston 11)†. For women in the Middle East life is faced with great and unequal odds, as their human rights are limited, due to Islamic beliefs and that of patriarchy. From their daily actions at home to their physical appearance, Middle Eastern women are portrayed as quiet, faceless women veiled from head to toe. While this image is just another stereotype, women in the middle do face many obstacles

The Wage Disparity That Exists Between Executives And...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report examines the starting wage disparity that exists between executives and employees and the adverse implications that this disparity has on the economy. Thirty years ago, the average executive in the United States earned 42 times what the average employee made. In 2012, the average executive earned 354 times what the average employee made. Canada has similar wage disparity ratios, also trending with an increase in the ratio as the years progress. In contrast, Japan’s executives made 16 times what the average worker made. A company’s board of directors, specifically its compensation committee, is responsible for determining executive compensation. Much of that power is subjective, and various studies have shown that the compensation justification is both fair at times or unfair at other times. The components of executive pay are base pay, bonuses, and long-term incentive plans. Several hypotheses on pay justification were derived from James B. Wade at the University of Illinois. Generally, the greater the shareholder involvement, the more market performance is emphasized; the greater the incentive bonuses are, the more accounting performance is emphasized. The fast food industry has the greatest wage disparity between CEOs and employees, with CEOs earning more than 1,000 times what the average worker makes. At an average wage of $9.09, even a full-time fast food worker would only make $19,000 in annually. Fast food workers have organizedShow MoreRelatedCommunity College Leadership Gap Analysis8105 Words   |  33 PagesDe-Frank, 2014, Eddy, 2013, Eddy, 2015, Enke, 2014, Floyd, 2016, Fujii, 2014, Gardner, 2013, Goltz, 2013, Grasmick, 2012, Hannum, 2015, Jones, 2015, Lennon, 2013, Morley, 2013 2014, Ortega, 2014 and Tartari, 2015), which is related to the gender wage gap (Claus, 2012, Cornacchione, 2013, Dahlvig, 2013, Enke, 2014, Goltz, 2013, Lennon, 2013, Morley, 2014, Tartari, 2015, Tekle, 2012, Pitts, 2014, and Bell, 2014). 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That said, however, groups that represent a statistical or social minority, or both continue to face challenges in U.S. organizations. A variety of factors have been shown to inï ¬â€šuence work-related outcomesRead MoreStrategic Analysis Report4520 Words   |  19 Pages3636 Fax: (02) 8222 4700 MGB309: Strategic Management Semester 1, 2012 Contents 1 2 3 Preface ............................................................................................................................................. 2 Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................... 3 Two Potential Strategies .......................................................................................Read MoreProject Report on Employee Attrition14600 Words   |  59 PagesN. S. Malavalli for his encouragement and support. Ponnappa I.S 5 CONTENT PAGES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ATTRITION? THE COST OF ATTRITION TRACKING ATTRITION CAUSES CURBING ATTRITION SUGGESTIONS IMPORTANCE OF EMPLOYEE ATTRITION LOOPHOLES IN ATTRITION MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVE ATTRITION MANAGEMENT ANNEXURE BIBLIOGRAPHY 1-2 3-6 7-14 15-19 20-39 40-41 42-60 61-65 66-69 70-78 79-82 83 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report seeks to utilize primary research in order to offer a greater understandingRead MoreThe Social Impact of Drug Abuse24406 Words   |  98 Pages . Consumption of drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview of opium/heroin and coca/cocaine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part two: impact of drug abuse II. Social implications of drug abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 A. B. C. D. E. Family and community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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Let’s see what is meant by the three HRM key terms†¦ human, resource, and management. †¢ Human (Homo-sapiens – Social Animal) †¢ Resources (Human, Physical, Financial, Technical, Informational etc) †¢ Management (Function of Planning, Organizing, LeadingRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management72324 Words   |  290 PagesManuals Advanced Diploma in Business Management STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT The Association of Business Executives 5th Floor, CI Tower ï‚ · St Georges Square ï‚ · High Street ï‚ · New Malden Surrey KT3 4TE ï‚ · United Kingdom Tel: + 44(0)20 8329 2930 ï‚ · Fax: + 44(0)20 8329 2945 E-mail: info@abeuk.com ï‚ · www.abeuk.com  © Copyright, 2008 The Association of Business Executives (ABE) and RRC Business Training All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrievalRead MoreManagement Control Systems Pdf115000 Words   |  460 PagesSystems: Importance of Control Systems: Elements of a Control System – Nature of Management Control Systems: Important Features of Management Control Systems, Management Control Process, Characteristics of a Good Management Control System, Distinction between Strategy Formulation, Management Control and Task Control – Types of Management Control Systems: Formal Control System, Informal Control System – Subsystems and Components of Management Control Systems: Formal Control Process, Informal Control ProcessRead MoreStephen P. 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limitations of first amendment Free Essays

The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America speaks of certain guaranteed freedoms of the citizens. Said freedoms, are of paramount importance, and having been guaranteed by the supreme law of the land, it means that intrusions into said rights can not be countenanced. The First Amendment states that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. We will write a custom essay sample on limitations of first amendment or any similar topic only for you Order Now It appears that the First Amendment speaks mainly of three fundamental rights of the citizens namely, the right to freely exercise one’s religion; freedom of speech and of the press; and the right to peaceably assemble. By virtue of the Constitution, intrusions respecting said rights cannot be allowed. It bears to stress that the First Amendment serves as a reminder that the branches of the government, in exercising their powers, must not step or intrude into said guaranteed rights. However, it must be borne in mind that the freedom granted to the citizens under the First Amendment is not absolute in character. There are certain limitations to the exercise of First Amendment rights wherein reasonable intrusion by the State is permitted in order to prevent dissension among the citizens and to avoid causing undue injury. In formulating laws, the primordial concern of the lawmakers is the furtherance and protection of the interests of the public in general. Hence, the laws, most especially the Constitution, cannot be used as a shield in justifying one’s act of injuring another. As will be discussed, law and jurisprudence have laid down the guidelines in exercising the freedoms guaranteed by the First Amendment. So also, the limitations as to the exercise of First Amendment rights have been affirmed as necessary in order to regulate the conduct of citizens within the State. The first right mentioned under the First Amendment is the freedom of religion. The free exercise clause proscribes the State from sponsoring a certain form of religion. The State must be impartial as regards the different forms of religion within the State.   But more importantly, this clause grants to the citizens the freedom to be respected in their choice of belief. A citizen cannot be compelled by the State to choose and to practice a certain type of religion. A citizen is free to choose his own religion and is free to do acts in accordance with his or her belief. The limitation imposed upon the free exercise clause is aptly stated by the Court in the case of Cantwell vs. Connecticut thus, Freedom of conscience and freedom to adhere to such religious organization or form of worship as the individual may choose cannot be restricted by law. On the other hand, it safeguards the free exercise of the chosen form of religion. Thus, the amendment embraces two concepts—freedom to believe and freedom to act. The first is absolute, but in the nature of things, the second cannot be (310 US 296 (1940)). Hence, it appears that while an individual is granted by the Constitution the freedom to believe and to act in accordance to one’s belief, the exercise of said right cannot be limitless. The acts of an individual must be regulated by the State, even if the same be done as a way of professing his belief, if the same is already detrimental or prejudicial the interests of the public in general. If an individual does an act which is in contravention with a prohibitive law, he cannot use his religion as a defense. Infringement of said freedom is permitted when the unreasonable exercise of said right can cause danger and harm to the public interest. Although his freedom to believe is guaranteed by the Constitution, the same law cannot permit prejudice and injustice to prevail to spring from said freedom. An individual shall not be excused from complying with a law by reason of his religious belief, especially if the object of the law is a legitimate purpose, and if the same is not an attack against religion. It must always be borne in mind that the paramount concern of our laws is to promote and serve public interest. Hence, if a certain action on the part of a citizen can be characterized as a frustration of the interest of the public in general, it cannot be considered as protected by the First Amendment. The second part of the First Amendment speaks of the freedom of speech. Under this clause, one is free to express his own views and opinions. This clause indeed strengthens the State’s belief in the concept of democracy as the opinion of citizens is given weight and importance. Under the Constitution, an individual cannot be restrained when it comes to airing out his opinions and views either orally, in print, or through other mediums of communication. It is noteworthy, however, that this right is also limited in operation in the sense that not every form or speech or communication is protected by the law. It is settled that â€Å"there are certain well-defined and narrowly limited classes of speech, the prevention and punishment of which has never been thought to raise any Constitutional problems† (Chaplinsky vs. New Hapshire, 315 US 568 (1942)). It thus appears that not every utterance enjoys the freedom granted by the First Amendment. Examples of said unprotected speeches are libel and obscenity. Libelous words and statements cannot be countenanced under the law. The First Amendment cannot be used, for instance, as a justification for violating the right of another to privacy and to be free from undue vexations. It must not be forgotten that the freedom of speech is granted in order to recognize the value of the voice and views of the citizens. There can be no value as regards speech that are damaging to other parties. As the same already inflicts injury to another person, the perpetrator is not permitted to seek shelter under the First Amendment. The same can be said about obscene publications, being in contravention and offensive to the concept of chastity and decency. It is because of the grave injury caused by said utterances to the public in general that made them fall outside the ambit of the First Amendment protection. Lastly, the First Amendment speaks of the right of the people to peaceably assemble and to petition the government for the redress of their grievances. This is a fundamental right as the citizens are not restricted from gathering themselves in order for them to air out their opinions and bring their concerns to the government. In a number of cases, it has been settled that this right is connected to the freedom of expression since assembling and petitioning the government for redress is a form of expression. Hence, it can be said that the same limits imposed on the freedom of expression clause in the First Amendment can be applied to the freedom to peaceably assemble and petition the government. In the exercise of this right, the assembly must not be tainted with any form of violence which could bring undue injury to the public. So also, in petitioning the government for redress of their grievances, the same must be for valid grounds and must not amount to seditious acts. Otherwise, the same shall fall outside the scope of the First Amendment and will not merit any protection under the law. In the last analysis, it appears that the fundamental rights of religion, speech and peaceful assembly, although guaranteed by the First Amendment, cannot be exercised without limits. Said rights, while promoting the democratic character of our nation, must necessarily be regulated in order to avoid dissension among the citizens and in order to prevent undue injury. A certain level of restriction is necessary for the purpose of making sure that the exercise of said rights is done in furtherance of the objectives of the Constitution—promote peace, order and unity in the society, and not to create conflict and injustice within the State. If said freedoms are accorded without any form of regulation, abuse cannot be avoided, and hence, the very instruments formulated to further public interest can even cause the frustration of said interests. How to cite limitations of first amendment, Essay examples

Economics and Quantitative Analysis Economy Statistics

Question: (a) Provide a descriptive analysis of the two variables (e.g., mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum). (b) Develop a scatter diagram with retention rate as the independent variable. What does the scatter diagram indicate about the relationship between the two variables? (c) Develop and estimate a regression equation that can be used to predict the graduation rate (%) given the retention rate (%). (d) State the estimated regression equation and interpret the meaning of the slope coefficient. (e) Is there a statistically significant association between graduation rate (%) and retention rate (%). What is your conclusion? (f) Did the regression equation provide a good fit? Explain. (g) Suppose you were the president of South University. After reviewing the results, would you have any concerns about the performance of your university compared to other online universities? (h) Suppose you were the president of the University of Phoenix. After reviewing the results, would you have any concerns about the performance of your university compared to other online universities? Answers: 1. Purpose of the research The education sector of USA is growing at a faster pace due to the emergence of the new online universities who are providing easy access to the students. However Goodman (2011) opined that these universities face problems relating to fluctuation in graduation and retention rate of the students. The report will provide an analysis by using the different statistical methods. 2. Background of the research The report is prepared by considering the statistical data of 29 online universities of USA. The data of these 29 universities will help the researcher to analyze the fluctuations of the retention and the graduation rates of the students in the university. The research has also been conducted to analyze whether the co relation between the retention and the graduation rate influences the graduation rate or not (Hanke, 2010). 3. Methods used The use of technical and appropriate methods is essential for carrying out of the statistical analysis (De Maio, 2013).The researcher after considering the overall situation of the study selected the following methods as appropriate for conducting of the research. Microsoft excel SPSS Descriptive statistical analysis including calculation of mean, Standard deviation, minimum and maximum Scatter diagram presentation Preparation of regression equation 4. Results 4.1 Calculation of descriptive statistical analysis Discussion of results The results which are derived in the above three steps shows the relation between the graduation and the retention rates. Analysis of Descriptive statistics: The mean of graduation and the retention rate shows 57.41% and 41.76% respectively. Since the retention rate is higher hence it can be understood that the online universities are able to retain more than half of the students who took admission in the universities. However the low graduation rate indicates that the students could be retained but only half of them graduated. The standard deviation of the two variables shows that the retention rate is comparatively higher than the graduation rate. The minimum ad the maximum of the variables shows that retention rate is more variable in accordance to the graduation rate. Analysis of the scatter plot: The analysis of the scatter plot shows the factors namely the direction, form, strength and outliers. in this case the researcher found to experience a positive direction in the scatter diagram since the larger values are seen in case of retention and graduation rates. According to Zhang (2011), form in a scatter diagram are of different types namely no association, no linear association system, linear association and perfect linear association. The present research shows the results to be linear association. The analysis also shows that the strength is a moderate correlation which ranges between (0.35 r -0.55, 0.35 r 0.55). Hence it can be rightly deduced that the scatter plot between retention and graduation rates are moderate positively linear association. Regression equation analysis: The regression equation is: Graduation rate (G.R) = Intercept Coefficient+ Coefficient of retention rate * Retention rate Considering the values of intercept coefficient 25.42 and retention coefficient 0.2845 the regression will be as below: Graduation rate = 25.423 + 0.2845 * Retention Rate In this case the retention rate is considered to be zero and calculation shows that the co efficient of determination value is 0.449. This information shows that the use of regression model is fitted for the study. Gatignon (2014) has defined the goodness of fit of regression model as the appropriateness of the model for estimation of the variables. In this context it has been proved that any value near to 1is a confident estimation and value deviating from 1 is not a good estimation. The result of this case shows the coefficient to be 0.449 or 44.9% and the moderate estimation standard is 55% . Now since the value is below the moderate estimation hence the regression equation failed to deliver a good result and is not fit for the study. However the nature of the regression analysis shows a moderate relationship between the graduation and retention rates for the universities hence the use of the multiple regression analysis is necessary to get an in-depth knowledge and understanding of the situation, problems and relation. The result shows that the South University has a graduation rate of 25% with a retention rate of 51%. This result shows that among all the universities only South University has a good performance and the educational quality as well as the other factors provided by the university seems to be effective and efficient (Hilbe, 2011). In case of University of Phoenix the graduation rate is 28% and retention rate is 4%. This shows that this university needs to have concerns about the quality of education and quality of service provided beacau4 the retention rate is very low in case of this university. However since all the results are obtained from the relation of only two variables hence the results may deviate on actual calculation. Recommendations Since the study reveals a positive association between the graduation and the retention rate hence it can be recommended that the regression equation is not the best fitted method in this case. It can be ascertained that there are several external variables that influence the retention rate hence it is advisable to analyze the problems with the help of multiple regression analysis. The use of this method will help the researcher will get a deep rooted view of the problem. Reference list Books Fitzmaurice, G., Laird, N. and Ware, J. (2011).Applied longitudinal analysis. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Gatignon, H. (2014). Statistical Analysis of Management Data. Boston, MA: Imprint: Springer. Hilbe, J. (2011).Negative binomial regression. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Quick, J. (2010).Statistical analysis with R. Birmingham, UK: Packt Pub. Journals De Maio, F. (2013). Regression Analysis and the Sociological Imagination.TEST, 36(2), pp.52-57. Goodman, A. (2011). Emerging topics and challenges for statistical analysis and data mining.Statistical Analy Data Mining, 4(1), pp.3-8. Hanke, M. (2010). Statistical learning analysis in neuroscience: aiming for transparency.Frontiers in Neuroscience. Zhang, H. (2011). Statistical Analysis in Genetic Studies of Mental Illnesses.Statist. Sci., 26(1), pp.116-129.

Memo for Raising Awareness on Credit Scores among Interns

Introduction It has come to my attention that most of the interns hired by the bank have significant student loan debts and are struggling financially. These factors have resulted in low credit scores for most of you interns.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Memo for Raising Awareness on Credit Scores among Interns specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More I have further on discovered that most of you are unaware of the implications of low credit scores to your future employment opportunities with this bank. I therefore wish to enlighten you on credit scores, their importance, and measures that you can take to raise your individual scores. What are Credit Scores? A credit score is a numeric number that represents your credit risk by summarizing your credit report and payment history. It is used by lenders to determine how likely you are to pay a loan when it is due. Credit scores are determined by a mathematical formula th at is used to forecast the probability that an individual will default on a loan or extension of credit. If you have a lower score, then you have a higher probability of defaulting. FICO scores are the gold standard when it comes to credit scores with 90% of the top banks in the US using these scores to determine the credit worthiness of an individual.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to FICO, credit scores range from 300-850 with a high credit score being considered good while a lower one is bad. Generally, credit scores that are below 600 are considered bad credit while 650 is an average credit. Good credits start at 700 with 850 being supreme and such ratings are of great importance. Importance of Credit Scores Influences your Employment Opportunities Many employers consider credit scores during the recruitment process. While most potential employees do not know this, an e mployer can legally obtain your credit report and this will often be used to determine whether to employ you on a permanent basis or not. Many employers see credit scores as a reflection of the individual’s personality. An individual who has poor scores is assumed to be a great risk since he is already unable to manage his credit. Poor credit scores are also seen as indicators of poor job performance, irresponsibility, and questionable integrity. Influences your Interest Rates The credit score also determines the insurance rates one has to pay in many instances. For example, auto insurance and life insurance rates are set in part based on your credit standing and your credit score. A person who has good credit will be offered a lower rate compared to one with poor credit who will be forced to pay higher premiums.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Memo for Raising Awareness on Credit Scores among Interns specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/p age Learn More Influences Borrowing Success Rates A person’s credit score will also influence his ability to borrow money from financial institutes. Specifically, a good rating score will be helpful when a person is trying to get a loan. Banks and other lenders are more willing to do business with people with high credit scores since such scores are an indication that they will recover at least the principal amount of their loan with little trouble. How to Raise your Credit Scores Obtain a credit score report Getting a credit score with a report will be very helpful in raising your scores. As such, the first step to managing your credit rating is to get your FICO credit score. This will help you to know your credit standing and assist you take measures to improve it if it is poor. If you do not know how to read these reports, you can contact me for further help. Learning how to interpret credit reports is an essential financial skill that you will use throughou t your life. Limit the number of credit cards you have Credit cards present the illusion that a person has free money to use. This is not the case and credit cards should be viewed as borrowed funds that can be costly if one does not manage them properly. Having a limited number of credit cards is therefore a good idea. Having two credit cards; one for regular purchases and one for emergencies, would be a good decision. You should then ensure that expenses remain within the card’s limits at all times. If the limit is reached, avoid the temptation to apply for an additional card. Applying for multiple credit cards over a short period of time will also lower your credit score.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is because lenders will perceive this as an attempt by the individual to spend more money than their current credit limits. Each new card will therefore have a negative impact on scores. Make use of a Budget Operating a monthly budget is a very important measure to help you control your credit debt. The budget will assist you to have a clear sense of exactly how much money you are earning and how much you are spending. It will therefore help you manage your cash flow and achieve your financial goals including paying off student loans. Pay your Bills on Time Develop the habit of paying your bills on time every month. You should pay off the balance for every credit card you own promptly and make your monthly loans repayments on time as well. This measure is of very great importance considering the fact that 30% of your credit score is based on timely payment of bills. In addition to this, timeliness of bill payments will save you from the late fees and additional interest charges imposed on those who make their payments late. Automate your finances Many people forget to handle some of their bills on time since they have too many obligations and therefore overlook some. Having an automatic bank payment that credits the bills each month can be very useful. You can also make use of programs that issue you with automatic reminders of bills that are due soon. Automation will ensure that your credit score is not reduced because of your own forgetfulness or disorganization. Make use of a Financial Planner While some people are capable of coming up with good financial management plans on their own, others are not. If you are overwhelmed by your financial obligations and unable to work out the best plan by yourself, you can make use of a financial planner. This professional will assess your financial situation and help you to implement a spending plan that will result in financial health. Conclusion It is important to remember that once a low credit score has been e stablished, increasing the score to a favorable level might take months or even years. It would therefore be more prudent to avoid establishing a bad credit score at the earliest time possible. This essay on Memo for Raising Awareness on Credit Scores among Interns was written and submitted by user Violet D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Planet of the Apes essays

Planet of the Apes essays The mise-en-scene of the movie Planet of the Apes played an astronomical role in all aspects of the movie. Mise-en-scene is everything that is front of the camera from costumes, make-up, setting, and acting. The costumes and make-up were very important in this movie since apes were being played by humans. The actors and actresses had to go through four hours of make-up each day to make sure they looked perfect for the scenes. The director, Tim Burton, wanted to make sure there was a great sense of realism, which is an attitude of the mind that is a desire of the truth, to the movie. Each mask was made up of plaster to mold the face to make each character have a separate face. The rubber plastic is then molded to the face and then detail is put on each characters mask. Hair and make-up are then applied to each mask. The actors then have to get their false teeth made to fit in their mouths. The costumes are created so that they are more advanced than the first Planet of the Apes and more modernized. One example of this is how Mark Wahlbergs space suit changes to a space suit that has been burned and torn apart. The costumes help add to the mood and history of each character. They also had to hand make every piece of clothing for the apes and had to be tailored to each character. The setting of Planet of the Apes is at Lake Powell where there is a lake, giant rock formations, and mountains. Most of the scenes in the movie are in like a city inside a forest and a desert type of region outside of the forest and city. In the final battle scene, the setting takes place in the desert region where there are mountains of sand and rock like structures that resemble Stonehenge. This makes a great for the battle scene since it adds to the atmosphere and mood of the battle. The acting also plays a role in mise-en-scene. The actors in this movie went through training for many months so that they could act as apes naturally. Th...

Body's regulation of temperature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Body's regulation of temperature - Essay Example It's very important for us to know the capabilities of our body to fight such dangerous environment. We should know the roots of all that happens in our body. Though fever is treated by the masses us a simple thing that used to come on us and just ignoring this indicator. There is so much more to dig. Homeostasis is the tendency of an organism to maintain a uniform and beneficial physiological stability and between its parts.1 Homeostasis is a remarkable and typical property of an open system. Walter Cannon in 1932, took told the wisdom of the body, the homeostasis, from the two Greek words meaning to remain the same. The cell, which reacts represents the homeostatic system, to every change in the environment, its goal is to maintain its internal balance, stability and to survive, Much importantly when one is faced to a known reaction, or an expected situation and often the result is opposed to the action done. Remember that if one cell that contributes to the complex system; is neither distracted nor destroyed, the stability will not be able anymore to change and evolve. Mammals are endotherms. They do not rely on the sun for warmth because they can generate heat internally. Especially the smaller ones have a high run of the metabolism which helps them generate heat, enough for them to live and survive coldness. The subcutaneous fat that is located under the skin helps them conserve body heat from within, is an example of homeostasis. Body temperature also affects the process of metabolism. For instance, if the body is at work the temperature is high and will get muscles tired. This is the reasons why the internal parts are improperly functioning same if the body is cold or at rest. Therefore we should keep our body working not excessively but in balance work out which does not require our bone to tire up, we should do this for maintaining balance. The hypothalamus and Feedbacks Our brains have an accessory, which contain nerve cells that monitors both the temperatures of the skin and the internal organs called the hypothalamus. If the body temperature is below 37oC the tendency of the hypothalamus is to produce some chemicals that will inform the cells of the entire body to speed up their

What is buddhism Is it a philosophy or a religion Essay

What is buddhism Is it a philosophy or a religion - Essay Example s study on whether Buddhism is a religion or a philosophy putting into consideration some of the theories applied, the history of Buddhism, Buddha – its religious figure and its literature. The paper will not lie on one side of the thesis question i.e. whether Buddhism is a religion or philosophy, but it will evaluate both notions mostly according to Olson’s conclusions on the matter. In the book ‘The Different Path of Buddhism’ Olson starts by first making a quick account of the early Buddhist tradition of how an old woman, friends with the monks, died and the monks were inconsolable. After which Buddha told them the story about kaka Jataka, the crow and the day when one of the crows got very drunk and was swept out to the sea and drowned; he used the story for symbolism where the sea was a metaphor for the suffering associated with life and the crows represented the human beings (Olson 1). Olson says that during this time of Buddhism, Buddha was considered an common man of flesh and blood, and an exceptional fascinating teacher; not a manifestation of divine being. He is best known as an educator, philosopher, and founder of a major world religion; significantly, he is not like other religious figures that were considered to be holy beings like Jesus (Christianity) or Muhammad (Islam). However, like these other religious figures, Buddha gathered a small group of followers who were attracted to his charisma and teaching, but insisted on the creation of a monastic community that shaped those who joined it and influenced Indian culture, and the laity who were necessary for its support (Olson 3). Before the formation of Buddhism, there were only two religious movements in India; the Brahmins – Brahmanical culture and the holy wanderers – Indian culture; notably, the Buddhists supported the holy wanderers and rejected certain ways of the Brahmanical religion but accepted others (Olson 5). Buddhism was later formed from an incorporation of some features

Digital Marketing Presents Opportunities And Challenges

Digital Marketing Presents Opportunities And Challenges Digital marketing entails interaction with known customers and others in the marketing channel, on a one to one basis, often in real time, to maintain value-laden relationships and to generate a measurable response and/or transactions using electronic network tools and technologies (Kotler et al. 2008, p525). This essay will focus on the discussion of the opportunities and challenges in organizations which are will use digital marketing techniques and discuss the ways that they can plan and implement digital marketing tools in their marketing activities. This essay will also provide two organizations that have introduced and adopt digital marketing. Moreover, this essay will give an analysis of comparison between two organizations which use digital marketing concept. The intention of discussion is to know more about the digital marketing concept in some organizations and also opportunities and challenges of using digital marketing. Besides, this essay also intention to compare which is the best digital marketing strategy. The concept of digital marketing has increasing in many organizations and become more popular and important than before. But there are some opportunities and challenges in order to using this concept in organizations. Many writers has different evaluate in these concept, according to Klososky (2012, p45) Social technology tools are multi-faceted, and have the ability to change an economy that it is in chaos to one that is manageable and predictable. That statement means that digital marketing has opportunities and challenges in business to manage and helps some company to increase their sales by using social technology, such as social networking, social media, and social relevance. More specifically is explained by Cristian et al. (2008, pp983-4) digital marketing opportunities for organizations is separated to pull and push digital marketing, which is the pull digital marketing are includes blog marketing, advertising and personal interactive television and smart advertisement on th e web. While the push digital marketing is includes mobile marketing, text messaging marketing, multimedia messaging and the broadcasting of recent news (RSS). Moreover, Rapson (2010, p25) stated A common problem in this wealth of technology options, is choosing the right solution for specific marketing goals and data needs. This statement tells about the challenges of digital marketing which is understand digital marketing tools and common trend using different tools. In overall, many people agree that opportunity of digital marketing is in electronic channels which are related to social technology and the challenge is about its digital marketing tools. These points of view is clearly clarified what is opportunities and challenges that facing the digital marketing. Digital marketing tools are considered so valuable in marketing activities, especially in some organizations that depend on technologies. Moreover, digital marketing tools give many advantages to company, for example to increase their revenues. As though stated by Klososky (2012, p42) Social tools can be compare to web itself, inasmuch as there are benefits for every department. There are some ways to get those benefits. First, building productive websites is important for people to get an admission to record information or control business dealing; it is purpose to not maximize a continuous connection (Klososky 2012, p42). Second is providing social technologies, it is needs to make good relationship with customers and increase their beliefs (Klososky 2012, p42). Third, mobile tools is necessary for all of organizations because can make an easily communication with clients (Klososky 2012, p43). Fourth is driving online traffic, it is very important to make business more famous and t here are so many steps to do it, for example some advertising, make a consistent and brand for the business, add favorite bookmark for business website and others (Klososky 2012, p43). The last is measurement systems is use for make decisions for results in organizations and it is to make an improvement (Klososky 2012, p43). In addition, digital marketing tool is growing and it is often used by organizations such as crowdfunding, crowdsourcing and crowdscribing, the similarities between them is their ability to tap into the power of the internet herd to get work done less expensively, faster and with more innovation (Klososky 2012, p44). Many organizations has adopt digital marketing concept to their marketing activities and they also have introduced it. There are some way to introduce such as by using E-service, it is explained by Rowley (2008, p527) E-service is deeds, efforts or performances whose delivery is mediated by information technology (including the Web, information kiosks and mobile devices). Such e-service includes the service element of e-tailing, customer support and service, and service delivery. E-service is often used by many organizations for examples newspapers are apply their information by technology tools and it is called digital newspaper. Newspaper has made an alteration from traditional print medium to use internet, this change is also influences the concept of digital marketing because in newspaper there are also an advertisement, banners (or leader boards), expanded banners, skyscrapers, mid page banners, etc. (Christopher 2008, p10). Organizations that had been adopted digital marketing on their digital newspaper are Sinchew-i.com which is the official website of Malaysias biggest Chinese media group. Sin Chew Media Corp. Bhd, and the one of most popular Chinese Web sites in Southeast Asia (Christopher 2008, p10) and the second is Gatehouse which has many community newspapers approximately 480. First, Sinchew-I.com has five different tools to introduce digital marketing which are AdText (hyperlink advertising on editorial-based homepage), AdWord (a dynamic editorial tool that delivers advertising inside the text of news content), AdQuote (expanded version of AdWord concept but placed at the bottom of the article) and AdTrend (an automatically displayed advertising message based on the current market trends and nature of the business news and current events: the stock market, banking, sports, weather) and last is AdBlog, the most recent format in which one advertiser per month is featured. This AdBlog can include video/flash with advertising and blog articles, etc ( Christopher 2008, p10). In the other hand, the Gatehouse is specifically on websites and use web 2.0 as their platform. Moreover, they also use Zope which is an open-source content management system, for the relaunch as well as to build dozens of others (Christopher 2008, p10). Gatehouse is also like google and uses it to advertise their website to make many visitors. They also participate in Google print program and google hotjob recruitment network.

Coney Island and Victorian Culture Essay

Coney Island at the turn of the century was a bustling and growing place. People of all classes traveled from New York City as well as other parts of the world to take part in the famous amusements that helped to loosen the tight corsets of Victorian gentility. Inspired by the Columbian Exposition in 1893 George Tilyou began to build a park on Coney Island beginning with the Ferris Wheel similar to that featured at the exposition which was designed by the Pennsylvania Steel Company. By 1895 Tilyou opened Steeplechase Park and began to fill it with acts and side shows thus inspired by his travels a few years prior. While concentrating on the appeal to all walks of life Tilyou acquired A Ride to The Moon from Fredric Thompson and Elmer Dundy who built the ride specifically for the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. A short season later in 1902 Thompson and Dundy left Steeplechase to create Luna Park taking the amusement with them. Playing off the most popular sport on Coney Island, Tilyou obtained a mechanical horse race that took riders on a thirty second ride around a track complete with hills and sharp turns. Other attractions added to the park included the Human Roulette Wheel which threw riders in all directions and Earthquake Stairs which jostled climbers and challenged them to descend a shaking stair case. These attractions as well as the wild side shows caused people to throw off all conventionality and made them rub elbows with other classes while having unrestricted fun. While Steeplechase drew visitors to the peninsula it also increased in the popularity of swimming or bathing as it was referred to in Victorian speak. People on a hot New York day adventured to Steeple Chase and the beach by various means of transportation. Donning the latest in bathing fashions people enjoyed more unrestricted fun regardless of any class system in the water. Although Victorians looked down their noses at the amusements and public bathing, people still flocked to the beaches and splashed in the chilly waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Ruckus rides and the ability to socialize appealed to the younger generations looking to toss off the oppressive garbs of Victorian gentility and just have plain unrestrictive fun. In 1907 tragedy struck Steeplechase as fire ravaged the park leaving a smoking ruin. In the efforts to still turn a dollar Tilyou charged admission to the ruins of the once great park. During the rebuilding, Luna Park benefited from the loss and treated guests to a modern park with rides to thrill everyone. The â€Å"old-fashionedness† of Steeplechase was challenged as Luna Park, the most modern of it’s time dazzled park goers with electric lights and tall white towers bathed in bright bulbs. This enabled the park to operate at night. But still people remained loyal to the original amusement park they knew so well even though built anew from smoldering ruins. George Tilyou sadly passed away in 1914 after seeing his park through another fire in 1911 which claimed Dreamland. Luckily enough the winds shifted and spared his park from a second disaster. By 1914 the amusement park began to fall out of favor. The once well loved and most visited park suffered a loss in the visitors during the hot New York summers. Steeplechase continued to operate and help people socialize and essentially come out of the tight bonds of gentility by offering a carefree time with out restrictions. Then on New Year’s Eve 1964 the last light was turned off for the final time at the ill fated old fashioned park. Luna Park on the other hand was not as popular as the original park but provided new wonders for those curious and daring enough to seek it out. Created after the Beaux-Arts movement of the time Thompson an erratic architect began to design the park as a world where someone could be lost in fantasy. By opening day on May 16th 1903 Luna Park opened its doors to the wonderment of many people seeking out entertainment and new amusements to help them shed the conventionality of the structured Victorian world. Here we can clearly see where still Steeplechase was cherished like a child hugs a ragged teddy bear but the new adventure which was named Luna was embraced for its latest technologies that Steeplechase clearly was lacking. With over 1 million lights, long distance telephone service, telegraph and radio services Luna Park became a city with in a city. With Thompson and Dundy’s success in creating illusion rides for the park guests they still relied on others as well. When they left the employment of Tilyou after the 1902 season they brought their famed â€Å"Ride to the Moon† amusement with them. Counting on its fame from Steeplechase park and the illustrious past of being featured at the Pan-American Exposition in 1901 the creators hoped it would bring the crowds in. With more and more people seeking a day at the park and on the beach both parks helped make Coney Island known world wide and soon became a top tourist destination. At a time when high society still held restrictions of how men and women should act in public in high regards, more and more people used these parks as a way to shed the restrictions of society and seek titillating amusements and fill curiosities each other had that Victorian culture had suppressed over the years with rules and barriers against those who dared to go against the prim and proper societies. Technology in these times were changing and what better place to display these but at amusement parks and expositions. Younger Victorians embraced these changes and viewed them as a move toward the future. We can clearly see where walls were broken down between classes while all walks of life frolicked on the beaches of Coney Island, screamed on the same rides, and traveled faster than they ever had in their lives. Luna Park and Steeplechase side by side were wonderful examples of old an new. While people still embraced the old curious onlookers sought out attractions that displayed futuristic gadgets. By the creation of the final park Dreamland in 1904 tourism and the shedding of Victorian genteel ways were in full swing. Dreamland brought more pleasure seekers to the peninsula and more bathers to the sea shore. The park was built by William Reynolds who is best known for his crooked dealings with Tammany Hall. Dreamland became the park to rival the other 2 on the peninsula. It is said that the park would be anything unlike the modern world has seen. The main tower of Dreamland had a beacon that shined out to sea and confused many ships coming into port. The amusement park sparkled as guests promenaded through the many attractions and thrill rides. With Dreamland promising amusement in a more dignified way the creators tried to offer Culture to those who visited the park. Providing a grand ballroom and upscale restaurants from around the world Dreamland attempted to cater to the upper class leaving lower classes to attend the older less dignified parks. The developers still provided rides and attractions that rivaled the other parks and even stole ideas from them as well. Americans were fascinated by disasters. Fighting the Flames was a good example of this as New Yorkers were most familiar with tenements catching fire and many people dying. People could identify with this ride. As tenement style buildings covered in asbestos were set ablaze, firefighters came to the rescue of the tenants who jumped to their safety in huge nets below. With rides like Shoot the Chutes guests at Dreamland were still treated to rides that caused them to throw off all conventionalities. Dreamland with its intentions to preserve all that is roper and dignified still provided outrageous outlets that caused people to smile and scream like they never had before. Sideshows still prevailed like Bostock’s Circus and Captain Bonavita’s Lion Show. They treated guests to clowns, wild animals, and daring stunts which caused people to gasp and look on in awe. Dreamland gave people a look at the world in their own backyard. Rides like Touring the Alps which provided ride rs with a simulated ride through the Alps complete with blasts of cold air to the Japanese Tea Room which gave people a look at cultures foreign to their own. The achievements of creating an atmosphere of wonderment and awe like that of the previous expositions held in Chicago and Buffalo, Reynolds achieved ultimate success in helping people question their hum drum ways and rules that bound them tightly. On May 27 1911 the wonderment that was known as Dreamland came to an end when it burned to the ground. Complaints by the fire departments that fought the flames were low water pressure. It was said that Reynolds built the park so fast that he built over fire hydrants. The mistakes and rush to greed cost him his park only seven short years later. The fire although sparing because of the winds did not leave Thompson’s railway alone. Sadly but fortunately that was one of a few external victims of the fire caused by greed. Fred Thompson found General Manager Samuel Gumpertz staring blankly at the ruins. Reynolds decided not to rebuild the park and Gumpertz opened a freak show in a large tent. This was the beginning of the end of Coney Island, the most famous playground of the early 20th century. Luna Park and Steeplechase continued to operate through many changes of attractions. The 1920’s ushered in rides like The Wonder Wheel and The Cyclone. It is joked immigrants who came to this country saw The Wonder Wheel first before seeing the Statue of Liberty. Still The Wonder Wheel is a wonderful example of freedom through good times and laughter and the shedding of old ways to a new life. By the close of the season of 1946 Luna Park could no longer afford to keep its gates open to the dwindling visitors. That which was new and exciting became old and worn out. Steeplechase continued to operate and pride itself of being risen from the ashes still provided visitors with aging and familiar rides. By the opening of Astro Park in 1962 this began to spell the end of the turn of the century amusements. At the stroke of midnight New Years Eve 1964 the last light was turned out on the oldest amusement park of the time leaving behind a legacy of fun and a little known waltz written for the opening of Dreamland entitled â€Å"Meet Me Tonight in Dreamland†. By looking at the amusement parks of the early 20th century we can clearly see where proper Victorians were given the opportunity to shed the constrictions of a culture that forced them into a protected part of society. Here creators of parks provided a person all types of amusements and bathing which for proper Victorians swimming with people of the opposite sex was just scandalous. Many of the older generations still held fast to their convictions of manners and proper ways. In many ways Coney Island was a petrie dish for societies and cultures. Could they truly leave behind the tight corsets and stiff collars to have fun with all folks of all classes with out concern for class stratification due to wealth, power or even dress? The writer of this believes yes. This was a place where society began to leave behind their constrictions and just have plain fun. Therefore unmaking Victorian culture as it was known.

Gawadar Port and Sino-Pak Relations

Topic: – Gwadar Port and Sino-Pak relations. Table of Contents:- a . Introduction b . Background c . Historical Location Chapter #1 a. Pakistan China relations b. Strategic Cooperation c. Economic Forecast Chapter # 2 a. Geographical Importance b. Advantages of Gwadar Port Chapter #3 a. China’s Involvement in Gwadar project b. China’s Gain Chapter #4 a. Gwadar port as development Project b. Construction c. Port Operation Conclusion [1] Introduction :- Gwadar port is located at Gwadar city at the entrance of the Persian Gulf on Arabian Sea and about 460 km west of Karachi from Balochistan , Pakistan .Gwadar port , is a deep –sea warm water port ,being constructed in two phases with heavy investment from china . Gwadar has had huge geostrategic significance on my accounts. In 1993 ,Pakistan started technical and financial feasibilities for the development of Gwadar port . The Gwadar port project started on 22 March 2002a. The first phase has been completed b ut officials expect the port’s initial three berths to be operational in the later months of 2007 . Gawadar port was inaugurated on March 19,2007 . Gawadar port is Pakistan’s first deep port that has the capacity to serve virtually all sorts of cargo ships of any size.Background :- Gwadar is located on the southwestern coast of Pakistan,close to on the persain Gulf. More than 13 million of oil pass through the strait . It is strategically located between three increasingly important regions : the oil –rich Middle East, heavily populated south Asia and the economically emerging and resource –loaded region of central Asia . The Gwadar port is expected to generate billions of dollars in revenues and create at least 2 million jobs. In 2007 the government of Pakistan handed over port operations to PSA Singapore for 25 years,and gave it the status of a Tax Free Port for the following 40 years . Historical Location :- The Makran region surrounding Gwadar by anci ent Bronze age people which settled in the few oases . It later became the Gedrosia region of the Achaemenid Persian empire . It later became the Gedrosia region empire . It is believed to have been conquered by the founder of the Persian empire ,Cyrus the Great. During the home ward march of Alexander the great ,his admiral ,Nearchus,led a fleet along the modern –day Makran coast and recorded that the area was dry , mountainous, and inhabited by the Ichthyophagoi an Greek rendering of the Persian â€Å"Mahi Khoran ’’( which has itself become the modern word â€Å" Makran† ).After the collapse of Alexander’s empire the area was ruled by Seleucus Nicator ,one Of Alexander’s generals . The region then came under â€Å" local rule † around about 303 BC and the region remained on the sidelines of history for a millennium ,until the Arab – Muslim army of Muhammad bin Qasim captured the town of Gwadar in AD 711 and over the interven ing amount of time the area was countested by various powers , including the Mughals the safavids.Portugese explorers captured and sacked gwadar in the late 16th century and this was then followed by almost two centuries of local rule by the various Balochi tribes . In 1783 , the Khan of Kalat granted suzerainty over Gwadar to Taimur Sultan , the defeated ruler of Muscat . This governor was then ordered to control the nearby coastal town of chah Bahar ,where the Gwadar fort was built during Omani rule. In 1958 , the Gwadar farm was transferred to Pakistan . It was then made part of the Balochistan province in 2002 , the Gwadar project was begun in the town .The government of Pakistan intends to develop the entire area in order to reduce its reliance in shipping on the port of Karachi . In addition to expanding port facilities , the projects aims to build industrial complexes in the area and to connect the town via a modern highway to the rest of Pakistan . By the end of 2004 the fir st phase had been completed . [2] Chapter # 1 Pakistan – China Relations on Gwadar Port :- Gwadar Port & Karakoram Highway scheduled to be inaugurated on 30th June 2006, . fter the Chinese agreed to provide $ 198 million of the $248 million required for phase 1 of the 26th project. Here is important to note that in the beginning china was not ready to hold this project but finally agreed to fund it provided that it had â€Å" Sovereign guarantees to the port facilities† . Just 250 miles from the state of Hormuz ,through which nearly 40 % of the world’s oil supplies flow, the port is strategically located to serve as a key shipping point in the region .It is of the great strategic value as it augments Pakistan’s imports in the region ,while allowing china to expand and secure its crude oil import routes and simultaneously gain approach to the Persian Gulf . According to MOU signed between China and Pakistan ,China is also to built a 90 km link connecting t he Chinese side of Karakoram highway to the Russian built highway network that connects all the five Central Asian Republics . This regional highway network will directly Gwadar to Xinjiang and the landlocked Central Asian 28 Republics .The Karakoram highway and the coastal highway will both serve as vital trade routes and considering that the existing Karakoram highway already connects Western China to Pakistan ,any further expansion of the line along with prospective linkages to Gwadar road would make it the shortest and most viable route connecting Gwadar 29 to western china . This shows china’s attempt to exert its influence far beyond its borders to sustain its security interest ,as well as merge its friendship with Pakistan through large scale joint projects. Through the construction of the Gwadar port ,Beijing also will gain considerable influence in the region . giving it a strategic entrance to the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean, while allowing it to closely monito r US naval activity and US – Indian maritime cooperation . The doubtlessly is a cause for alarm and unease to both India and US as the port will enable China to monitor its energy shipments from the Persian Gulf. American suspicion of Chinese intentions at Gwadar is corroborated by an internal report prepared for the Pentagon entitled Energy futures in Asia Which states that Beijing has already has set up electronic eavesdropping posts at Gwadar which monitor ship traffic through the Strait of Hormuz and the 30 Arabian Sea .In addition , the port and the other supporting infrastructure will help mix Pakistan in to the Chinese economy by out sourcing low tech ,basic production and manufacturing jobs , making it into a giant factory floor for China . Having invested $400 million in the project , the port will be available for Chinese imports and export through overland links that stretch across the Karakoram 31 Highway . For Pakistan as well ,the benefits are profound ,where to quote President Musharraf , â€Å" as and when needed the Chinese navy could be in Gwadar to 32 give befitting replies to every one . This statement was further reinforced by Pakistan’s recent designation of the port area as â€Å" a sensitive defense area† . Gwadar would inhibit India’s ability to blockade Pakistan , and permit China to supply Pakistan by land and sea during wartime . Essentially , Pakistan is interested in the project to gain strategic leverage so that it is less vulnerable to the dominant Indian navy . The construction of the port and the highway, by making Pakistan a regional trade –hub for commercial traffic ,will also boost domestic economic development ,and influence the geo – strategic environment of the region .The port will enable the transfer of Central Asia’s vast energy resources to world markets , earning Pakistan significant profits in transits fees, as well as attract considerable investment into Balochista n . In addition , discussions are already underway to designate the Gwadar port as a free trade ,while some members of the Pakistani business community advocate the eventual designation of the Gwadar port as an export processing zone with special incentives extended to Chinese companies .Moreover ,the opening of international trade through Gwadar can create new stakeholders in Afghanistan who will become beneficiaries of the transportation trade to Central Asia . Gwadar thus presents a good opportunity for fostering good neighborly relations between Pakistan and the region to its immediate northwest . However, the success of the port and ,in general ,the effectiveness of the agreements signed between the two nations will depend essentially on internal development in Pakistan. [3] Strategic co-operation:-Gwadar is the height of Sino-Pakistani strategic cooperation . It is a modern port city that is supposed to link Central Asia, western china, and Pakistan with markets in Mildest and Africa . It’s supposed to have roads stretching all the way to China. Some reports in the American media , however , have accused Pakistan and China of building a naval base in the guise of a commercial seaport directly overlooking international oil shipping lanes . The Indians and some other regional actors are also not comfortable with this project because they see it as commercial competition.What Mr. Bugti’s regional and international supporters never expected is Pakistan moving firmly and strongly to nip his rebellion in the bud. Even Mr . Bugti himself probably never expected the Pakistani state to react in the way it did to his betrayal of the homeland . He was killed in a military operation where scores of his armed force surrendered to Pakistan army soldiers . US intelligence and their Indian advisors could not cultivate an immediate replacement for Mr Bugti . So they moved to plan B.They supported Abdullah Mehsud, a Pakistani Taliban fighter held for five ye ars in Guantanamo Bay, and then handed over back to the Afghan government, only to return to his homeland, Pakistan, to kidnap two Chinese engineers working in Balochistan, one of whom was killed during rescue operations by the Pakistani government . Islamabad could not tolerate this vague figure , who was creating a following among ordinary Pakistanis camouflaged as a Taliban while in reality towing a vague agenda . He was rightly eliminated earlier this year by Pakistani security forces while secretly returning from Afghanistan after meeting his handlers there. 4] Economic Forecast :- The government declared port a â€Å" Special zone† in the budget ,2003-2004 . All banks will open their branches ,five star hotels will be built ,offshore banking will be started ,factories, warehouses, and storage will be set up ,the tourism industry will be promoted in the area ,an export processing zone will be set up , making Pakistan a very attractive place for direct foreign investment ,and Gwadar port a regional hub of trade and investment activities. Chapter# 2 Geopolitical Importance: The Gwadar port is emerging as a place of great strategic value.It is enhancing Pakistan’s importance in the whole region. It is extending from the Persian Gulf through the Indian Ocean to South Asia and the Far East. Gwadar is located on the Southwestern coast of Pakistan. It is very close to the important Straits of Hormuz, through which more than 13 million bbl of oil passes. It is strategically located between three increasingly important regions of the world: heavily populated South Asia, the oil rich Middle East and the economically emerging and resource rich Central Asia. The construction of The Gwadar deep sea port is just one part f a larger development plan which includes building a network of roads connecting Gwadar with the rest of Pakistan, such as the 650 km Coastal Highway to Karachi and The Gwadar-Turbat road(188 km). This network of roads connects Pakistan with China through the Indus Highway. China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan and Uzbekistan are developing extensive rail and road links from Central Asia and the Chinese province of Xinjiang to the Arabian Sea Coast. The Pakistani Government has initiated several projects with china’s technical and financial assistance.These projects are inaugurated to develop Gwadar’s strategic location as a good transit and trade point. The primary project is the construction of deep sea port at Gwadar, which would enable high –volume cargo movement to and from the landlocked Central Asian States. The new port will also include conversion facilities to allow for the movement of natural gas as a part of plans for the termination point for the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan natural gas pipeline. The secondary project is coastal highway which is connecting Gwadar to Karachi.Its cost, $200 million will be completely financed by Chinese. Gwadar will serve as a port of entry fo r gas and oil to be transported by land to Western regions of China. The significance of Gwadar port is great to both, Pakistan and China. In near future Pakistan will be able to make strong strategic plans because in past Indian navy made it very difficult for Pakistan navy base at southwest Karachi. China is going to be recipient of Gwadar’s most accessible international trade routes to the Central Asian republics and Xiajiang.Beijing can receive cargo to and from Gwadar through shortest route, Karachi to Peshawar, by extending its East West Railway from the Chinese border city of Kashi to Peshawar in Pakistan’s North West. To supply oil from the Persian Gulf to Xiajiang, the rail network could also be. Internal rail network of Pakistan can also provide china with rail access to Iran. Rail access will however be hampered somewhat by difference in gauge: Pakistan-1676; Central Asia-1524mm; China and Iran-1435mm. Advantages of Gwadar Port:Gwadar is located on the Gulf of Oman which is close to the entrance of Persian Gulf. It is about 460 km west of Karachi. Pakistan started feasibility studies for the development of a major deepwater sea port at Gwadar in 1993. The port project began on 22 March 2002. Its first phase completed in December 2005. The construction of the port has prompted other major infrastructure projects in area. This includes the 700 km Makran Coastal highway which is now complete. The road links Karachi with several ports along the coast including Pasni, Ormara and Gwadar.It will be extended to Iranian border in future. The Highway has reduced travel time to Karachi from 48 hrs to only 7 hrs. Other road projects include the Gwadar-Quette-Chaman road which is completed now, and a road link to the town of Khuzdar in Eastern Balochistan. There are plans for a terminal for passenger ships. The Civil Aviation Authority of Pakistan has embarked 3000 acres of land for Gwadar International Airport . It will be built 26 km away to the northeast of existing airport towards Pasni. Its cost approximation is between $200-250 million.The new airport would be given International status. It will operate under open sky policy. There are also plans to improve facilities at the existing airport. Railways: In 2005, Minister of Railway said,† The government is focusing on laying the Havelin-Kashghar (China) and Quetta-Kandahar (Afghanistan) railway tracks†. In 2006. Minister of railway announced that Gwadar will be connected to Pakistan Railway network at an expected cost of $1. 25 billion (Rs. 75 billion)[5] Chapter# 3 China’s Involvement in the Gwadar port: Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao inaugurated the Gwadar deep sea port.Through which china would be able to take a Giant Leap Forward in gaining a foothold in the Persian Gulf region. It will advance what a recent Pentagon report describes as Beijing’s â€Å"String of Pearls† strategy that aims to protect China’s energy security at home and project Chinese power overseas. Gwadar is a fishing village on the Arabian Sea Coast in Pakistani province of Balochistan. Balochistan shares border with Iran and Afghanistan to the west. Gwadar is just 72km from Iranian border. The important thing is Gwadar’s closeness to the Persian Gulf.It is situated near the entrance of this strategic body of water, and about 400 km from the Strait of Hormaz, a major channel for global oil supplies. Pakistan identified Gwadar as a port site in 1964. But significant steps toward making the proposal a reality were taken in 2001, when China agreed to participate I n the construction and development of Gwadar deep sea port. The arrival of United States in Afghanistan in 2001, at China’s doorstep encouraged Beijing to step up its involvement in the Gwadar project. Chinese vice premier Wu Bangguo laid the foundation for Gwadar port in March 2002.China’s involvement in the project is immense. The total cost of the project is e stimated US$1. 16 billion, of which China has contributed about $198 million for the first phase, almost four times the amount Pakistan has invested for this phase, which include of three multi-purpose ship berths. China has invested $200 million for building a highway, which connects Gwadar port with Pakistan’s largest city, Karachi (an other sea port on the Arabian Sea). The second phase which may include nine more berths, an approach channel and storage terminal, will also be financed by China.Beside its financial help China has sent 450 engineers and provided technical expertise for the project. In recent year, bilateral trade has steadily increased between China and Pakistan. Both countries have highlighted the immense economic returns that development of Gwadar port holds out for them, as well as others in the region. China’s Gains:- Zia Haider, an analyst at the Washington-based Stimson Center, writes that Gwadar provides China â€Å"a transit terminal for crud e-oil imports from Iran and Africa to China's Xinjiang region†.The network of road and rail connecting Pakistan with Afghanistan and Central Asian republics that is envisaged as part of the Gwadar project and to which China will have access would provide Beijing an opening into Central Asian markets and energy sources, in the process stimulating the economic development of China’s backward Xinjiang region†. [6] For China, Gwadar’s strategic value is because of its closeness to the Strait of Hormuz. About 60% of China’s energy supplies come from the Middle East.China has been anxious that the US, due to its high presence in region, could stop these supplies. â€Å"Having no blue water navy to speak of, China feels defenseless in the Persian Gulf against any hostile action to choke off its energy supplies,† points out Tarique Niazi, a specialist in resource based conflicts, in the Jamestown Foundation’s China Brief. [7] A presence in Gwad ar provides China with a â€Å"listening post† where it can monitor US naval activity in the Persian Gulf, Indian activity in the Arabian Sea.A recent report titled â€Å"Energy Futures in Asia† produced by defense contractor Booz Allen Hamilton for the Pentagon notes that China has already setup electronic eavesdropping posts at Gwadar, which are monitoring maritime traffic through the Strait of Hormuz and the Arabian Sea. Drawing attention to China’s â€Å"string of pearls† strategy, the reports point out that â€Å"China is building strategic relationships along the sea lanes from the Middle East to South China Sea in ways that suggest defensive and offensive positioning to protect China’s energy interests, but also to serve broad security objectives†. 8] The port and naval base in Gwadar is part of â€Å"string of pearls†. The other â€Å"pearls† in the string include facilities in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia an d South China Sea that Beijing has acquired access to by diligently building ties with governments in these countries. The Pentagon report sees China’s efforts to defend its interests along oil shipping sea lanes as â€Å"creating a climate of uncertainty† and threatening â€Å"the safety of all ships on the high seas†. This perception neglects the fact that China’s â€Å"string of pearls† strategy has been prompted by its sense of insecurity.The United States irresistible presence in the Gulf and the control of its exercises over the Malacca Strait, through which 80% of China’s oil imports pass, has added enormously to Beijing’s fears that Washington could stop its oil supply, in the event of hostilities over Taiwan. China’s foothold in the Arabian Sea has set off alarm bells in India, Iran and US. For India, China-Pakistan collaboration at Gwadar and China’s presence in the Arabian sea intensifies its feeling of hold b y China from all sides.Iran sees the development of Gwadar port in its neighborhood as likely to grind down the significance of its ports, especially Chabahar port that India has helped to construct-to central Asia and Afghanistan. However, Iran’s good relations with Central Asian Republics and Afghanistan would help it to maintain its advantage Pakistan’s Gwadar port. Ultimately, the extents to which Pakistan and China are able to reap economic and strategic gains from Gwadar project depend on the challenges to it from within their borders.Chapter# 4 Development Projects: Oman: Oman has offered $100 million aid for the development of social and infrastructure facilities in Balochistan. Out of $100 million, Oman has provided $7 million for extending of runway at Gwadar Airport, construction of jetties, up gradation of Gwadar Hospital and construction of power house. Oman is also financing construction of Gwadar Hoshab Road, water supply scheme in Gwadar area and constr uction of irrigation dams.Pakistan and Oman have signed a number of agreements which include Avoidance of Double Taxation, Promotion and Protection of Investment, Cultural, Educational and Technical Co-operation, Agreement on cooperation between Oman Chamber of Commerce and Industry and FPCCI, Maritime Boundary Agreement and Agreement to establish Pak-Oman Joint Investment Company. The closeness to Oman is an advantage to Pakistan. Around 70,000 Pakistani citizens are participating in the development of Oman. Omani assistance for construction of Gwadar port is going a long way in promoting economic relations between Gwadar-Pakistan and Central Asian States. 9] Pakistan: Pakistan is linking Gwadar with Karachi through networking of roads. It’s also enabling Central Asian States in north, to use Gwadar as a port for their trade. Water supply is being improved, seven jetties are being constructed and local fishermen are being given motor engine run boats. The local hospital is a lso upgraded. A number of electric power generation projects are also being carried out in Gwadar and its surroundings. The Quetta Electric Supply Company (QESCO), a subsidiary of Wapda, has geared up the work for the building the power transmission line.It is expected to be completed soon. Airport: Gwadar has a small airport which is basically meant for Fokker aircraft. But the need is to expand this airport and enlarge its runway to facilitate the landing of wide body aero-planes. CAA has upgraded the Gwadar Airport for the landing of Airbuses. Gwadar airport is open air and after its inauguration the jet planes are also landing at it. A sum of 2. 3 million dollars is being utilized from Omani grant. The Pakistan government and the Civil Aviation Authority are also contributing Rs563. 35 million for this purpose.Dry Port: China wants to set up a dry port near the Pakistan-China border, so that Western China could also benefit from Gwadar seaport. It will create the ribbons of econ omic activity and hundreds of new jobs along proposed highway linking Gwadar with the Karakoram highway in the north. Construction: Dubai ports World, announced on June 1, 2006 that it will spend $10 billion to develop transport infrastructure and real estate in Pakistan. Dubai port World is also discussing the possibility of the company taking over operational management of Gwadar port in Balochistan.Emaar Prosperities, announced on May 31, 2006 there real estate developments in the cities of Islamabad and Karachi in Pakistan. The projects, with a total investment of $2. 4 billions, will include a series of master planned communities that will set new benchmarks in commercial, residential and retail property within Pakistan. In addition the conglomerate signed a exceptional $43 billion deal to develop two island resorts, Bundal Island and Buddo Island, over the next decade. Port Operations:Port of Singapore took over the management of Gwadar port by the end of January 2007. Port of Singapore was the highest bidder for the Gwadar port after Dubai Ports world backed out of the bidding process. Originally, the chairman of DP world, Sultan Ahmad bin Sulayem, who met President Pervez Musharraf on May 5th 2006, expressed a strong hope for the management of facilities at the strategic Gwadar deep-sea port and development of infrastructure in the southern port city everywhere in Pakistan. But a decision was taken not to bid, when India’s Security Council voiced concerns bout DP World’s projects in India, alongside its plan in Pakistan, and Sultan Ahmad bin Sulayem assured the Indians their pull out was well considered and Indian need not have any security concerns. The port will now be in competition with Dubai. Conclusion: The project of Gwadar port which was commenced on 22 March 2002, by China will enhance co-operation between Pakistan and China in the field of engeering and technology. The significance of this project is great for both countries. Gw adar is located on the Gulf of Oman close to the entrance of Persian Gulf.China is going to be the beneficiary of Gwadar’s most accessible international trade routes to Central Asian Republics and Xinjiang. Pakistan’s rail network can also provide China with rail access to Iran. For Pakistan, the economic returns from Gwadar port stem from its location near the Strait of Hormuz, through which 40% of the world oil passes. Gwadar could emerge as a key shipping point, bringing Pakistan desirable income, and when combined with the surrounding areas could become a trade hub, once rail and road links connect it to the rest of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia.A road from Gwadar to Saindak is the shortest route between Central Asia and sea. Gwadar would provide landlocked Afghanistan and the Central Asian republics with access to sea. Goods, oil and gas reserves from these countries could be shipped to global markets through Gwadar port. 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